Diabetes Mellitus Essay -- Health, Diseases, Abnormal Insulin Secretio

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by abnormal insulin secretion, derangement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and is diagnosed by the presence of hyperglycemia. Also, this syndrome is common risk factors for chronic renal disease. Once it occurs, chronic renal failure and end stage renal disease often increase mortality in those with type 2 diabetes. A decrease in glomerular filtration rate indicates the development of renal disease, and early identification of this event is important in subjects with type 2 diabetes (1, 2). A new experimental diabetic syndrome in adult rats administered streptozotocin (STZ) and partially protected with a suitable dose of nicotinamide. This syndrome shares a number of features with human type 2 diabetes, and is characterized by moderate stable hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, altered but significant glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (3, 4). Streptozotocin (STZ), a N-nitroso-N-methylurea derivative of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, is a diabetogenic agent acting through the selective destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. It is known that insulin increases the transport of amino acid into the cell and increases the degradation of proteins. It causes changes in the levels of some amino acids. Thus, STZ has some effects on blood and urine amino acid levels. In addition, STZ displays nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic activity. It has been reported that STZ caused cataracts, necrosis of kidney tubules, mesengial proliferation and hyalines of vessels in rats (5). Extracts of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (SrB) have been used for the treatment of diabetes in, for example, Brazil, although a positive effect on glucose metabolism has not been unequivocally demonstrated. In addition to, oral intake... ...ation of intracellular area and aggregation of lipid in STZ diabetic rats (5, 16). Although in our study, the kidney cells of control groups showed normal cells structure, SrB treated diabetic groups had some mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization in thin section of kidney less than diabetic control and L-NNA treated diabetic groups. However, SrB+L-NNA treated diabetic groups had a normal mitochondria and organelle structure. We found that SrB and L-NNA treatment protect the kidney cells with decreasing blood glucose levels. As a result, the extracts of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves have beneficial effects on diabetes induced histological, ultrastructural and biochemical changes. It was determined that L-NNA is less efficient in the treatment of type II diabetes compared to SrB. Further studies of SrB concerning the treatment of diabetes appear warranted.